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行政首长出庭应诉制度的理论基础探析/章志远

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行政首长出庭应诉是指公民、法人或其他组织依法向人民法院提起行政诉讼,被诉行政机关的法定代表人或主持工作的负责人或分管负责人出庭应诉的一项诉讼活动。与民事诉讼双方当事人地位平等所不同的是,行政诉讼因官与民之间的纷争而引发,现实地位的悬殊使得由何人代表行政机关出庭应诉具有强烈的符号价值和象征意义。特别是在妥善化解行政争议、维护社会稳定和谐成为当下行政审判重要使命的背景下,行政首长出庭应诉制度对于优化行政审判外部环境、满足民众行政纠纷实质性解决诉求自然有着更为重要的推动作用。尽管现行行政诉讼法第二十九条并未就行政首长是否需要亲自出庭应诉作出明确规定,但全国各地相继通过颁发规范性文件的形式确立了行政首长出庭应诉制度,并得到了国务院和最高人民法院的认可。近年来,行政首长出庭应诉的实际运作呈现出首长出庭应诉率和案件协调和解率大幅提升的可喜变化。“海安样本”的出现和传播,则预示着行政首长出庭应诉制度将在全国范围内得到进一步推广。

  与如火如荼的制度实践相比,目前的行政法学理论并没有对行政首长出庭应诉这一极具中国本土特色的制度创新给予应有的关注,有关行政首长出庭应诉制度的理论基础及其保障机制的研究还相当匮乏。作为一项本土化的自生自发型制度创新,行政首长出庭应诉制度充满着实践智慧和经验理性,预示着中国本土行政审判模式的悄然转型,亟待学术研究者进行理论提炼和制度建构。正如最高人民法院副院长江必新所言:“行政审判工作迈出每一步,都需要坚实的理论支撑。”就行政首长出庭应诉制度而言,实践需求和现实功效固然能够在一定程度上解释其存在的合理性,但终究不能从根本上为其发展提供坚实的理论支撑。

  笔者认为,从根本上来说,我国宪法所确立的“行政首长负责制”是行政首长出庭应诉制度的理论基础。换言之,行政首长出庭应诉本身就是行政首长负责制的题中应有之意。宪法第八十六条规定:“国务院实行总理负责制。各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。”第一百零五条规定:“地方各级人民政府实行省长、市长、县长、区长、乡长、镇长负责制。”上述规定以根本大法的形式确立了作为我国基本行政领导制度的行政首长负责制。行政首长负责制的要义在于,行政首长不仅要对其个人的行为负法律责任,而且还要对本行政机关的行政行为、本机关组成部分及其公务员的行政行为、所属组织的行政行为负责。在当下中国“集体负责实则无人负责”已成公权力运行痼疾的时代背景下,重申“行政首长负责制就是行政首长个人负责”具有极为特殊的现实意义。之所以将行政首长出庭应诉制度的理论基础定位于行政首长负责制,直接源于如下三个方面的考虑。

  首先,行政首长是被诉行政行为的“知情者”。目前,实践中存在这样一种质疑行政首长出庭应诉必要性的认识,即认为被诉行政行为是具体行政执法人员而非行政首长作出的,行政首长因不知情而没有必要亲自出庭应诉。其实,这种理解是不准确的。在我国行政权力运行的实践中,除了按照简易程序当场作出行政处理决定外,行政机关负责人的批准乃至集体讨论在很多时候都是行政行为作出之前的内部必经程序。例如,行政强制法第十八条第一款规定:“行政机关实施行政强制措施前须向行政机关负责人报告并经批准。”行政处罚法第三十八条第二款规定:“对情节复杂或者重大违法行为给予较重的行政处罚,行政机关的负责人应当集体讨论决定。”在所属机关具体行政执法人员的请示汇报或者班子成员的集体讨论中,行政首长对作出行政行为的事实依据和法律依据完全是知情的。可见,行政首长亲自出庭应诉是先前行政程序义务的自然延伸,既有利于人民法院全面查清案情,也有利于被告借助庭审向原告进一步做好解释工作。

  其次,行政首长是行政争议实质性解决的“决断者”。行政争议能否获得实质性解决已经成为当下评判行政审判工作的首要标准。我国正处于急速的社会转型时期,经济发展和社会变革引发了社会结构的分化和利益格局的复杂化,社会转型期间的发展失衡、政策失当和分配不均又加剧了不同利益群体之间的利益冲突。可以说,我国已经进入了社会矛盾的多发时期。在很多情况下,对于行政相对人而言,不仅要讨个“说法”,而且更要得到“实惠”。与此相伴随的,是人民法院的行政审判工作不仅需要“定分”,而且更需要“止争”,真正实现“案结事了”。作为被诉行政行为的知情者和所在行政机关各种资源的掌控者,行政首长在行政争议能否获得实质性解决上发挥着举足轻重的作用。一方面,行政首长出庭应诉需要就被诉行政行为的合法性与合理性进行充分的理由说明;另一方面,行政首长还需要就案件的妥善化解提供方案。特别是在被诉行政行为并非完美无缺、原告利益受到实际损害时,行政首长应诉的态度更为重要,可以说是行政争议实质性解决事实上的决断者。可见,行政首长亲自出庭应诉有利于促进行政争议的实质性解决。

  最后,行政首长是行政争议源头性预防的“责任者”。党和国家对社会稳定的高度强调以及纠纷对社会稳定的影响,决定了纠纷解决在社会生活和政治运行中的特殊意义。持续多发的社会冲突很容易使转型社会陷入无序状态、乃至引起社会危机。正是基于对社会稳定的重大关切,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅在2006年联合下发了《关于预防和化解行政争议健全行政争议解决机制的意见》,进而确立了“从源头上预防和减少行政争议发生”的司法理念。面对“信访潮”的涌现和“维稳”的现实压力,行政机关必须切实肩负起预防行政争议发生的重任。行政首长通过走上法庭与原告激辩、与人民法院沟通,能够及时掌握行政争议发生的内在机理,从而避免新的行政争议的产生。可见,以发展为第一履职要务的行政首长也应当“兼理”司法,以亲自出庭应诉的方式履行预防行政争议发生的责任。

  将行政首长出庭应诉制度的理论基础定位为行政首长负责制,实现了行政诉讼法制发展与宪法原理的对接,从而为行政首长出庭应诉制度的完善与发展奠定了极为扎实的理论根基。目前,行政诉讼法的修改已经正式提上最高国家权力机关的议事日程,行政首长出庭应诉制度也必将实现法制化的飞跃,成为我国行政诉讼的一项基本法律制度。在这一过程中,有关行政首长出庭应诉法律保障机制的研究亟待展开。


(作者单位:苏州大学法学院)

国务院批转商业部、经贸部、物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司、对外经济贸易公司、物资公司意见的通知(附英文)

国务院


国务院批转商业部、经贸部、物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司、对外经济贸易公司、物资公司意见的通知(附英文)



根据中共中央、国务院《关于进一步清理整顿公司的决定》的要求,现将商业部、经贸部、物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司、对外经济贸易公司、物资公司的意见发给你们,请遵照执行。
商业部关于进一步清理整顿各类商业批发公司的意见(略)

附件:对外经济贸易部关于进一步清理整顿各类对外经济贸易公司的意见
根据《中共中央、国务院关于进一步清理整顿公司的决定》,在贯彻《国务院关于清理整顿各类对外经济贸易公司的通知》的基础上,现对进一步清理整顿各类对外经济贸易公司(以下简称对外经贸公司)提出以下意见:
一、各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市(以下简称各地方)和中央国家机关各部门所属的各级各类对外经贸公司,都必须严格进行清理整顿。对那些不符合条件的各级各类对外经贸公司,要严格按照全国清理整顿公司领导小组《关于中央国家机关各部门所属公司撤销、合并的意见》
的规定,坚决撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。清理整顿的重点是1988年以来新成立的各级各类外贸公司;清理整顿后,个别确需保留的,要严格按照经贸部规定的设置外贸企业应具备的六项条件报经贸部重新审定。
二、有下列情况之一的,也要坚决予以撤销、合并或取消其进出口经营权:(一)不到中国银行或国家外汇管理局指定的其它银行结汇,严重逃汇的;(二)与境外商人勾结,协助其在内地直接收购出口商品或办理出口业务,协助其逃汇的;(三)在同一部门或同一地区,凡主管业务
相同或相近,重复设置的;(四)无对外经营条件或缺乏外销渠道,而主要委托其它公司出口的;(五)地方外贸公司在省(自治区、直辖市)外设立的经营进出口业务的分支机构;(六)各地方所属综合外贸公司设立的有进出口经营权的二、三级公司。
三、经严格清理整顿后,各级各类外贸公司按下列规定设置:(一)除经贸部以外,中央各部门所属外贸公司,可根据需要保留一家,个别部门确需按产品专业设置的,由经贸部另行审定,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。(二)省(自治区、直辖市)属综合外贸公司只保
留一至二家,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。(三)已有进出口经营权的地区(含地级市,下同)只保留确实需要又具备条件的一至二家外贸公司的进出口经营权,其它的予以撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权(广东、福建两省1987年年底以前设立的除外)。(四)经过国
务院批准的经济技术开发区,只保留一家有进出口经营权的外贸公司,其它的予以撤销、合并或取消进出口经营权。(五)取消县(含县级市,下同)所属外贸公司进出口经营权(广东、福建两省1987年年底前设立的除外)。个别具备条件的,只经营有出口发展前途的本县特产的第三
类出口商品,确需保留其进出口经营权的公司,须报经贸部批准。(六)各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市以及经济特区所属经营对苏联、东欧等国家易货贸易的外贸公司,允许保留一至二家,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消其易货贸易权。(七)经国务院批准开设口岸的边境毗邻县所属
经营边境小额易货贸易的公司,允许保留一家,如口岸县不具备条件,可在口岸上属州(或地区、市)保留一家,其它的一律撤销、合并或取消其边境小额易货贸易经营权。
四、未经国务院或经贸部批准设立的国际经济技术合作公司一律撤销。对已经国务院或经贸部批准的国际经济技术合作公司(含与苏联、东欧等国家开展经济技术合作业务的公司),以及扩大对外经济技术合作业务或试点经营第三类出口商品业务的国际经济技术合作公司,各地方、各
部门按照经贸部制定的组建这类公司应具备的七项条件,严格清理整顿后,报经贸部重新审定。
五、要重新核定各级各类外贸公司的业务范围。国家规定的第一类出口商品,由国家指定的外贸、工贸进出口总公司及直属的分公司、子公司按批准的范围经营,并承担国家下达的出口计划和上缴中央外汇任务。其它外贸企业一律不得经营第一类出口商品,如有违反,将其出口收汇全
部没收,上缴中央,并追究领导者的责任。要严格控制外贸企业经营第二类出口商品的业务范围。中央各部门所属的外贸公司按经贸部批准的经营范围经营本系统产品或按批准的经营范围经营第二、三类出口商品;省(自治区、直辖市)属专业外贸公司按核定的经营范围经营第二、三类出
口商品;省(自治区、直辖市)属综合外贸公司保留进出口经营权的地区所属外贸公司以及经济技术开发区的外贸公司,只允许经营第三类出口商品。经营第二、三类商品的各类外贸企业,都要承担中央或地方的出口计划和上缴外汇任务。各级各类外贸企业的进口业务,按照经贸部批准的
进口商品经营范围和现行有关规定执行。
六、各地方、各部门经过这次清理整顿以后保留的对外经贸公司及其经营范围,报经贸部审批;广东、福建两省审批成立的各级各类对外经贸公司经过清理整顿后的撤销、合并方案,也要报经贸部审批。审定保留的对外经贸公司,凭经贸部颁发的审定证书报工商行政管理部门核准,办
理注册登记手续。海南省及各级经济特区的各级各类对外经贸公司,按照有关规定和统一部署进行清理整顿。清理整顿后保留下来的各级各类对外经贸公司,由其对管部门报经贸部备案。如发现有不符合上述规定的公司,经贸部有权撤销,或取消其对外经营权,或调整其经营范围。
七、根据中共中央、国务院有关从国务院到各级政府今后原则上不再直接管理公司的决定,各级各类对外经贸公司和主要经营进出口业务的公司,统一归口由经贸部及各级地方对外经贸主管部门按照国家统一政策,从行业或业务上进行领导和管理。
八、在清理整顿公司工作结束以后,各地方技术比较密集的大中型生产企业和紧密型企业集团自营本企业产品有关的进出口业务,由各地方对外经贸主管部门审批后报经贸部备案;如发现已批准的生产企业或企业集团不具备经营进出口业务条件的,经贸部有权否决。全国性和跨省的企
业集团申请经营进出口业务的,要报经贸部审批。物资部关于进一步清理整顿各类物资公司的意见(略)

CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE APPROVAL AND TRANS-MISSION OF THE SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, THE MINISTRY OFFOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE MINISTRY OF MATERIALSUPPLIES REGARDING THE FUR
THER CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUSTYPES OF COM

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE APPROVAL AND TRANS-
MISSION OF THE SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, THE MINISTRY OF
FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE, AND THE MINISTRY OF MATERIAL
SUPPLIES REGARDING THE FURTHER CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL WHOLESALE COMPANIES, FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND
TRADE COMPANIES, AND MATERIAL SUPPLY COMPANIES
(October 18, 1989)
In accordance with the requirements of the "Decision Concerning the
Further Checking Up and Rectification of Companies" of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, the
suggestions of the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, and the Ministry of Material Supplies Regarding the
Further Checking Up and Rectification of Various Types of Wholesale
Commercial Companies, Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Companies, and
Material Supply Companies, are hereby transmitted to you, and you are
requested to implement accordingly.
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE CONCERNING THE FURTHER CHECKING UP
AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF WHOLESALE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
(Omitted)
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE
CONCERNING THE FURTHER CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE COMPANIES
In accordance with the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of China and the State Council Concerning the Further Checking Up
and Rectification of Companies", and on the basis of the "Circular of the
State Council Concerning the Further Checking Up and Rectification of
Various Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Companies", suggestions are
hereby put forward concerning the further checking up and rectification of
various foreign economic relations and trade companies (hereinafter
referred to as "the foreign trade companies"):

1. Foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types attached
to the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the
Central Government, and municipalities under separate planning
(hereinafter referred to as "the various localities), as well as those
attached to the various departments under the Central Government, must all
conduct the checking up and rectification strictly. Those foreign trade
companies at various levels and of various types that are not in
conformity with the prescribed requirements shall resolutely be abolished
or merged, or their right to handle import and export trade shall be
revoked, strictly in accordance with the provisions of "the Suggestions
Concerning the Abolition or Merger of Companies Attached to the Various
Departments Under the Central Government" put forward by the National
Leading Group for the Checking up and Rectification of Companies. The
emphasis of the checking up and rectification is laid on the foreign trade
companies at various levels and of various types that have been
established since 1988; after the checking up and rectification, if it is
really necessary to retain one or two of them, the case shall be submitted
to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for reexamination
and confirmation strictly in accordance with the six prerequisites for the
establishment of foreign trade enterprises, as prescribed by the aforesaid
Ministry.

2. Foreign trade companies that fall under one of the following
circumstances shall resolutely be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle import and export trade shall be revoked:
(1) companies that do not settle their foreign exchange with the Bank of
China or with other banks designated by the State Administration for
Foreign Exchange Control, and have evaded foreign exchange control
seriously;
(2) companies that have colluded with external businessmen and helped them
purchase export goods directly from the inland or handle export business,
thereby helping them evade foreign exchange control;
(3) companies that have been established in the same department or in the
same region, handling the same or similar business, so they are just
reduplicate setups;
(4) companies that do not have the necessary conditions for handling
foreign trade, or lack external marketing channels for handling export
trade but do so chiefly by entrusting other companies;
(5) the branch offices set up by local foreign trade companies outside the
provinces (autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the
Central Government) for handling import and export business.
(6) subcompanies of the second or third rank with the right to handle
import and export trade, established by comprehensive foreign trade
companies attached to various local governments.

3. After the completion of the strict checking up and rectification,
foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types shall be
established in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) With the exception of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, from among the foreign trade companies attached to the various
departments under the Central Government, one company for each of the
aforesaid departments may be retained, depending on their respective
needs; where one or two departments really need(s) to set up companies for
specialized products, the case shall be examined and confirmed by the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade separately; as to the
other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle import and export business shall be revoked.
(2) From among the comprehensive foreign trade companies attached to
provinces (autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the
Central Government), only one or two shall be retained; as to the other
companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to handle
import and export business shall be revoked.
(3) For those localities (including the municipalities at the prefectural
level, the same below) that have already been vested with the right to
handle import and export, business, only one or two companies shall be
retained with their right to handle import and export, on condition that
they meet the actual needs and the prescribed requirements;
as to the other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their
right to handle import and export business shall be revoked (with the
exception of those companies in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces which were
established before the end of 1987).

(4) For those economic and technological development zones that have been
approved by the State Council, only one foreign trade company with the
right to handle import and export business shall be retained; as to the
other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle import and export business shall be revoked.
(5) The right to handle import and export trade of those foreign trade
companies attached to the counties (including municipalities at the county
level, the same below) shall be revoked (with the exception of those
companies in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces which were established before
the end of 1987). As to one or two special cases where the foreign trade
companies meet the prescribed requirements and handle only the local
specialties of their counties, that is, the third category of export
commodities promising a bright prospect of export sales, and thus it is
necessary to retain their right to handle import and export business, such
cases shall be submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade for approval.
(6) From among the foreign trade companies, attached to various provinces,
autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government,
municipalities under separate planning, and special economic zones that
handle barter transactions with the Soviet Union and the East European
countries, only one or two companies shall be retained; as to the other
companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to handle
import or export business shall be revoked.
(7) From among the trading companies, attached to counties adjacent to
border ports which are established with the approval of the State Council
and handle petty barter trade in the border areas, only one company shall
be retained for each of the aforesaid counties; where a port county does
not meet the prescribed requirements, a trading company at the region (or
prefecture, municipality) level, over the port may be retained; as to the
other companies, they shall all be abolished or merged, or their right to
handle petty barter trade in the border areas shall be revoked.

4. All international economic and technological cooperation companies
established without the approval by the State Council or by the Ministry
of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall all be abolished. With
respect to those international economic and technological cooperation
companies (including those companies which handle economic and
technological cooperation business with the Soviet Union and the East
European countries that have been approved by the State Council or by the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and those international
economic and technological cooperation companies that engage in the
expansion of business contacts for external economic and technological
cooperation or in the trial management of the exportation of export
commodities of the third category, all the localities and departments
shall, in accordance with the seven prerequisites for the establishment of
companies of the aforesaid type as formulated by the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade, carry out a strict checking up and
rectification on the aforesaid companies, and then submit the cases to the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for re-examination and
confirmation.

5. It is necessary to re-verify and confirm the business scope of foreign
trade companies at various levels and of various types.
The first category of export commodities, as prescribed by the State,
shall be handled by the national foreign trade corporations, or the
national industry and trade import and export corporations as well as by
their branch offices and subsidiaries in accordance with the approved
business scope, and the aforesaid corporations shall also undertake to
fulfil the export plan transmitted by the State, and the tasks to turn
over a definite amount of foreign exchange earnings to the Central
Government. All the other foreign trade companies are not permitted to
handle export commodities of the first category; where the aforesaid
provisions are violated, the foreign exchange earnings obtained shall all
be confiscated and be turned over to the Central Government, and the
responsibilities of the persons in charge shall be investigated. A strict
control should be exercised over the business scope of foreign trade
companies for handling export commodities of the second category. The
foreign trade companies attached to various departments under the Central
Government shall handle products of their own industries in accordance
with the business scope approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, or handle export commodities of the second or third
category in accordance with the approved business scope; the specialized
foreign trade companies attached to provinces (autonomous regions,
municipalities directly under the Central Government) shall handle export
commodities of the second or third category in accordance with the
appraised and confirmed business scope; as to those comprehensive foreign
trade companies attached to provinces (autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government), the foreign trade
companies that are attached to prefectures and have retained their right
to handle import and export business, and the foreign trade companies in
the economic and technological development zones, they shall be permitted
to handle only export commodities of the third category. The various
categories of foreign trade companies that handle export commodities of
the second and third categories shall all undertake to fulfil the export
plans and the tasks to turn over a definite amount of foreign exchange
earnings to the Central Government or to the local governments. The import
business of foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types
shall be handled in accordance with the business scope of import
commodities approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and also with the existing pertinent provisions.

6. The foreign trade companies with their business scope, which are
attached to various localities and various government organs and have been
retained after the checking up and rectification, shall be submitted to
the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for examination and
approval; with respect to the foreign trade companies at various levels
and of various types in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces that were
established after examination and approval, the framework for the
abolishment and merger of these companies formulated in the process of the
checking up and rectification shall also be submitted to the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for examination and approval. The
foreign trade companies that have been retained after verification and
confirmation shall present the examination and confirmation certificate
issued by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade to the
administrative departments for industry and commerce for examination and
approval, and then go through the procedures for registration.
The foreign trade companies at various levels and of various types located
in Hainan Province and in the special economic zones shall be checked up
and rectified in accordance with the pertinent provisions and the unified
arrangement. The foreign trade companies at various levels and of various
types have been retained after the checking up and rectification shall be
submitted by their respective competent departments for foreign economic
relations and trade to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade for the record.
In the event that a company has been discovered not in conformity with the
aforesaid provisions, the Ministry of Foreign Relations and Trade has the
right to abolish it, or revoke its right to handle external business, or
to readjust its business scope.

7. In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China and the State Council that henceforth government
organs from the State Council down to the people's governments at various
levels shall, in principle, not directly manage any companies, foreign
trade companies at various levels and of various types as well as
companies that chiefly handle import and export business shall all be
placed under the leadership and administration, in their line of industry
and business operations, by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and by the local competent departments for foreign economic
relations and trade in accordance with the unified policies formulated by
the State.

8. After the completion of the checking up and rectification, the import
and export business related to their own products, as conducted by large-
and medium-sized technology-intensive production enterprises and
conglomerates of the closely-knit type, shall be examined and approved by
the local competent departments for foreign economic relations and trade,
and then submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
for the record; in the event that a production enterprise or conglomerate
is discovered to be short of the prescribed qualifications for handling
import and export business, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade has the right to overrule it. An application, which is filed by a
national or transprovincial conglomerate for handling import and export
business, shall be examined and approved by the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF MATERIAL SUPPLIES CONCERNING THE FURTHER
CHECKING UP AND RECTIFICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MATERIAL SUPPLY
COMPANIES
(Omitted)



1989年10月18日

河北省歌舞厅管理办法(修正)

河北省人民政府


河北省歌舞厅管理办法(修正)
河北省人民政府


(1993年6月22日河北省人民政府令第85号发布 根据1998年1月1日河北省人民政府令第212号修正)


第一条 为促进文化市场的健康发育和繁荣,丰富公民的文化生活,根据国家有关规定,结合本省实际,制定本办法。
第二条 凡在本省行政区域内开办营业性歌舞厅(含卡拉OK厅、音乐茶座和有乐队伴奏或演唱的酒吧、咖啡厅、夜总会,下同)均适用本办法。
第三条 歌舞厅的经营和管理必须坚持为人民服务、为社会主义服务的方向,注重社会效益。
第四条 各级文化行政管理部门对歌舞厅实行分级管理,其具体职责分工由省文化行政管理部门制定。
第五条 公安、工商行政管理等部门按照各自的职能,依法对歌舞厅实行监督、检查。
第六条 开办歌舞厅应具备下列条件:
(一)有适合从事歌舞活动的固定场所,房屋建筑坚固安全,出入口宽敞畅通;
(二)有物品寄放处;
(三)有符合规定条件的音响设备和安全照明(包括应急照明)设备;
(四)有相应的管理人员、专业技术人员和保卫人员;
(五)消防设备齐全有效,设置得当;
(六)有健全的经营管理制度和安全防范措施。
第七条 开办歌舞厅的单位应持其主管部门开具的证明及有关材料,按照分级管理的原则向同级文化行政管理部门提出申请,经审查合格后,发给《文化经营许可证》。由所在设区的市、县(含县级市、市辖区)公安部门核发《安全合格证》。工商行政管理部门按有关规定登记注册,
办理营业执照。
个人开办歌舞厅应持本人常住户口所在地的乡、镇人民政府或街道办事处开具的证明,按前款规定办理审批手续。
第八条 经营歌舞厅应遵守下列规定:
(一)人员容量定额须符合安全要求;
(二)营业期间工作人员须佩戴标志,坚守岗位,履行职责,维护场内外秩序;
(三)按《河北省舞厅、游艺游乐、书、报、刊经营活动管理费收取办法》的有关规定及时缴纳管理费;
(四)严禁演奏、演唱或播映内容反动、淫秽的曲目和图像;
(五)严禁采取熄灯方式招徕顾客,严禁跳脱衣舞,不准雇佣或变相雇佣舞伴;
(六)不得出售烈性酒;
(七)设包厢的门窗透明面积不得少于包厢门整体面积的三分之二,不得设帘帐;
(八)歌舞厅照明亮度不得低于4勒克司,场内包厢照明亮度不得低于3勒克司,音量不得超过90分贝。禁止在室外安装音响设备;
(九)禁止精神病患者和16岁以下未成年人入场。
第九条 歌舞厅内禁止下列行为:
(一)衣冠不整,或穿背心、短裤、拖鞋等入场;
(二)在场内起哄闹事、侮辱妇女或其他违法活动;
(三)携带枪支、弹药、管制刀具和易燃、易爆、剧毒、腐蚀、放射性危险物品及其他违禁物品。
第十条 文化市场管理人员持省文化行政执法证,按管辖范围对经营单位进行检查。经营单位必须予以配合,不得拒绝、阻挠和刁难。
歌舞厅的治安管理,由当地公安部门负责。
第十一条 文化行政管理部门、公安机关对《文化经营许可证》和《安全合格证》实行年审验证制度。经营单位应在规定时间内到原申领证件部门办理年审验证手续。
第十二条 歌舞厅需变更企业法人、经营单位、经营项目或迁移经营地点的,应按原批准程序办理变更登记手续。
第十三条 对执行本办法,为繁荣、发展文化娱乐市场做出贡献的单位和个人,由各级文化行政管理部门给予表彰或奖励。
第十四条 违反本办法规定的,由文化、公安、工商行政管理部门按照管理权限给予警告,并可处以营业额三倍以下的罚款,但最高不超过三万元;没有营业收入的,处以一万元以下罚款。其它法律、法规有规定的,从其规定。
罚没收入一律上缴同级财政。
第十五条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可依法申请行政复议和提起行政诉讼,逾期不申请复议、不起诉、又不履行行政处罚决定的,作出行政处罚决定的机关可依法申请人民法院强制执行。
第十六条 营业性露天歌舞场参照本办法执行,营业时间不得超过23时。
第十七条 《文化经营许可证》、《安全合格证》分别由河北省文化厅和河北省公安厅统一印制。
第十八条 本办法由河北省文化厅和河北省公安厅负责解释。
第十九条 本办法自发布之日起施行。


(1997年12月18日河北省人民政府第78次常务会议通过 1998年1月1日河北省人民政府令第212号发布施行)


一、第七条中的“市”修改为“设区的市”,删除该条中的“地”字样。
二、第八条修改为“经营歌舞厅应遵守下列规定:
(一)人员容量定额须符合安全要求;
(二)营业期间工作人员须佩戴标志,坚守岗位,履行职责,维护场内外秩序;
(三)按《河北省舞厅、游艺游乐、书、报、刊经营活动管理费收取办法》的有关规定及时缴纳管理费;
(四)严禁演奏、演唱或播映内容反动、淫秽的曲目和图像;
(五)严禁采取熄灯方式招徕顾客,严禁跳脱衣舞,不准雇佣或变相雇佣舞伴;
(六)不得出售烈性酒;
(七)设包厢的门窗透明面积不得少于包厢门整体面积的三分之二,不得设帘帐;
(八)歌舞厅照明亮度不得低于4勒克司,场内包厢照明亮度不得低于3勒克司,音量不得超过90分贝,禁止在室外安装音响设备;
(九)禁止精神病患者和16岁以下未成年人入场。”
三、第十条修改为:“文化市场管理人员持省文化行政执法证,按管辖范围对经营单位进行检查。经营单位必须予以配合,不得拒绝、阻挠和刁难。”
四、第十四条修改为“违反本办法规定的,由文化、公安、工商行政管理部门按照管理权限给予警告,并可处以营业额三倍以下的罚款。但最高不得超过三万元;没有营业收入的,处以一万元以下罚款。其他法律、法规有规定的,从其规定。
罚没收入一律上缴同级财政。”
五、第十五条修改为“当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可依法申请行政复议和提起行政诉讼,逾期不申请复议、不起诉、又不履行行政处罚决定的,作出行政处罚决定的机关可依法申请人民法院强制执行。”



1993年6月22日